Economic Pessimists Are Running Out of Worries - Shijiazhuang Photo Frame Group Co.,Ltd

Coming into the second quarter, the investment landscape was littered with perceived risks to the economy. But little by little, the Wall of Worry is crumbling.

• Regional banking crisis (contained for now)

• Debt ceiling (ultimately, just political theater)

• Upside risks to oil prices after the OPEC+ supply cuts (still hasn't caused more than a hiccup)

• US-China tension

• War in Ukraine

• Threat of commercial real estate losses

• Plunge in residential real estate affordability

The upshot is that investors (and some economists, too) are finding fewer excuses for pessimism about the economy's near-term prospects. Case in point: Goldman Sachs Group Inc. chief economist Jan Hatzius, who just cut his odds of a recession within 12 months to 25% from a previous 35%.

Here's Hatzius from Tuesday's note:

First, the tail risk of a disruptive debt ceiling fight has disappeared. … Second, we have become more confident in our baseline estimate that the banking stress will subtract only a modest 0.4 percentage points from real GDP growth this year, as regional bank stock prices have stabilized, deposit outflows have slowed, lending volumes have held up, and lending surveys point to only limited tightening ahead.

For Hatzius, the move marked a reversion to his odds before the failure of Silicon Valley Bank, and I suspect others will start to dial back their peak-March pessimism as well.

That would be in line with the sentiment in US markets, where the S&P 500 Index has rallied 19.8% from its bear market lows.(1) The Chicago Board Options Exchange Volatility Index — aka the "fear gauge," or VIX — just fell to the lowest since February 2020. And the Nations TailDex — which measures the cost of using out-of-the-money puts for tail risk on the SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust — is at its lowest since April (and dropping like a rock).

In the grand scheme, this may be overdoing it a bit on the optimistic side, but the retreat of extreme pessimism has been palpable. As of a May survey of economists by Bloomberg, the median probability for a recession within 12 months was around 65%, about twice as high as Hatzius's estimate. The consensus odds may decline a bit — with the resolution of the debt ceiling and the easing of bank jitters — but probably won't fall below 55%.

Recessions, of course, are notoriously hard to forecast, and the exercise can have the feel of a twisted party game. In many cases, they involve some external — and often hard to foresee — shock to an economy already hobbled by underlying vulnerabilities. In the US, there are plenty of pockets of observable vulnerability: The Federal Reserve has just raised interest rates by 500 basis points, hitting consumer sentiment, making credit more expensive and, ultimately, making banks less willing to lend. But it's much more difficult to try to divine the shock that will tip the economy into a downturn, let alone put a time frame on it.

The 1970s and early 1980s recessions were set off by the Arab oil embargo and the Iranian Revolution, respectively, while the 2000-2001 recession— though already brewing from the dot-com bust— might have never deepened enough to be called one in the absence of 9/11. In all of these cases, it's safe to say that the catalysts didn't fall within economists’ core areas of expertise.

At some point, the Fed's monetary-policy medicine should kick in with even greater force and affect consumption and the labor market in earnest. If it doesn't, policymakers may just administer some more of it. It's no surprise, then, that even the most optimistic economists think the risks of a recession are elevated ("normal" is probably about 15% in any given year, consistent with the proportion of post-World War II history that the US has spent in a downturn).

But it may well take something else — perhaps something nobody's thought of yet — to send the world's biggest economy in reverse. At present, the market's collective imagination is producing fewer candidates, and that could keep stocks on track awhile longer. Alternatively, maybe our blithe summer attitudes may just be setting us up for an even bigger fall.